Search results for "Key pre-distribution"

Hits ?▲	Authors	Title	Venue	Year	Link	Author keywords
3	Amar Rasheed, Rabi N. Mahapatra	A key pre-distribution scheme for heterogeneous sensor networks.	IWCMC	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	polynomial-based key pre-distribution scheme, security, sensor networks, key distribution
3	Weidong Qiu, Yaowei Zhou, Bo Zhu, Yanfei Zheng, Mi Wen, Zheng Gong	Key-Insulated Encryption Based Key Pre-distribution Scheme for WSN.	ISA	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Key-Insulated Encryption, Wireless Sensor Network, Key pre-distribution
3	Zhicheng Dai, Zhi Li, Bingwen Wang, Qiang Tang	RTKPS: A Key Pre-distribution Scheme Based on Rooted-Tree in Wireless Sensor and Actor Network.	ISNN	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	WSAN, Key Ring, WSN, Key Pre-distribution, Rooted-Tree
3	Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen, Eui-nam Huh	An efficient signal range based key pre-distribution scheme ensuring the high connectivity in wireless sensor network.	ICUIMC	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	security, wireless sensor network, key management, key pre-distribution
3	Hui-Feng Huang	A Pairwise Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network.	ISI Workshops	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	pairwise, sensor network, key pre-distribution
3	Tran Thanh Dai, Choong Seon Hong	An ID-Based Random Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	International Conference on Computational Science	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	security, wireless sensor networks, key agreement, ID-based, random key pre-distribution
3	Sung Jin Choi, Hee Yong Youn	MKPS: A Multi-level Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Secure Wireless Sensor Networks.	HCI	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	LDU decomposition, security, wireless sensor network, Energy efficiency, key pre-distribution
3	Tran Thanh Dai, Choong Seon Hong	ID-Based Multiple Space Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	WWIC	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	security, wireless sensor networks, key agreement, ID-based, random key pre-distribution
3	Dibyendu Chakrabarti, Subhamoy Maitra, Bimal K. Roy	A key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks: merging blocks in combinatorial design.	Int. J. Inf. Sec.	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Random merging, Sensor network, Key pre-distribution, Combinatorial design
3	Dibyendu Chakrabarti, Subhamoy Maitra, Bimal K. Roy	A Hybrid Design of Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	ICISS	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Random Merging, Sensor Network, Key Pre-distribution, Combinatorial Design
3	Sung Jin Choi, Hee Yong Youn	An Efficient Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Secure Distributed Sensor Networks.	EUC Workshops	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	security, mutual authentication, key pre-distribution, LU decomposition, distributed sensor network
3	Joengmin Hwang, Yongdae Kim	Revisiting random key pre-distribution schemes for wireless sensor networks.	SASN	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	wireless sensor networks, key pre-distribution
3	Wenliang Du, Jing Deng, Yunghsiang S. Han, Pramod K. Varshney	A pairwise key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks.	ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	security, wireless sensor networks, key pre-distribution
2	Mohamed Mostafa M. Fouad, Mostafa-Sami M. Mostafa, Ahmed Reda Dawood	A Pairwise Key Pre-distribution Scheme Based on Prior Deployment Knowledge.	CICSyN	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	topology control protocol, wireless sensor network, key pre-distribution
2	Tuan Manh Vu, Reihaneh Safavi-Naini, Carey Williamson	Securing wireless sensor networks against large-scale node capture attacks.	ASIACCS	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	resilience to node capture, key management, sensor network security, random key pre-distribution
2	Zhihong Liu, Jianfeng Ma, Qiping Huang, Sang-Jae Moon	Asymmetric Key Pre-distribution Scheme for sensor networks.	IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	H. M. N. Dilum Bandara, Anura P. Jayasumana, Indrajit Ray	Key pre-distribution based secure backbone formation in wireless sensor networks.	LCN	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Tzu-Hsuan Shan, Chuan-Ming Liu	Enhancing the Key Pre-distribution Scheme on Wireless Sensor Networks.	APSCC	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Zhihong Liu, Jianfeng Ma, Qiping Huang, Sang-Jae Moon	Keying material based key pre-distribution scheme.	ISI	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Yuan Xue, Helmut Jürgensen	Maximum supported network coverage area and cost evaluation of key pre-distribution schemes.	PETRA	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Zhihong Liu, Jianfeng Ma, Qiping Huang, Sang-Jae Moon	A pairwise key establishment scheme for heterogeneous sensor networks.	HeterSanet	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	wireless sensor networks, network security, key management, key pre-distribution
2	Quazi Ehsanul Kabir Mamun, Sita Ramakrishnan	SecCOSEn A Key Management Scheme for Securing Chain Oriented Sensor Networks.	CNSR	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	partial key, WSN, Key management, key pre-distribution, symmetric cryptography
2	Yi-Hua E. Yang, Joseph D. Touch	Protocol Family for Optimal and Deterministic Symmetric Key Assignment.	ICN	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Collusion resilience, Maximum-Distance Separable code, symmetric key assignment, symmetric key pre-distribution, Reed-Solomon code
2	Qing Yang, Qiaoliang Li, Xiaoming Wang, Naixue Xiong, Yi Pan	A Random Key Management Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	WASA	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Security, Wireless sensor networks, Key management, Key pre-distribution, Pairwise Key
2	Tyler Moore, Jolyon Clulow	Secure Path-Key Revocation for Symmetric Key Pre-distribution Schemes in Sensor Networks.	SEC	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Abedelaziz Mohaisen, YoungJae Maeng, DaeHun Nyang	On Grid-Based Key Pre-distribution: Toward a Better Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Network.	PAKDD Workshops	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Bivariate Symmetric Polynomials, Sensor Networks, Key Distribution, Network Connectivity
2	Ting Yuan, Shiyong Zhang, YiPing Zhong	A Matrix-Based Random Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	CIT	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Jan Nikodem, Maciej Nikodem	Securing Communication Trees in Ad Hoc Sensor Networks with Polynomial-Based Key Pre-Distribution.	ISCC	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Farshid Delgosha, Erman Ayday, Faramarz Fekri	MKPS: a multivariate polynomial scheme for symmetric key-establishment in distributed sensor networks.	IWCMC	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	wireless sensor network, location-aware, multivariate polynomial, key pre-distribution
2	Sajid Hussain, Firdous Kausar, Ashraf Masood	An efficient key distribution scheme for heterogeneous sensor networks.	IWCMC	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	security, key distribution, heterogeneous sensor networks, random key pre-distribution
2	Gelareh Taban, Reihaneh Safavi-Naini	Key Establishment in Heterogeneous Self-organized Networks.	ESAS	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	key pre-distribution, group key, self-organized networks
2	Chunguang Ma, Zhiguo Shang, Huiqiang Wang, Guining Geng	An Improved Key Management Scheme for Heterogeneity Wireless Sensor Networks.	MSN	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Security, Key management, Key pre-distribution, Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
2	Huirong Fu, Satoshi Kawamura, Chengzhi Li	Blom-based Q-composite: A Generalized Framework of Random Key Pre-distribution Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks.	IROS	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Tran Thanh Dai, Al-Sakib Khan Pathan, Choong Seon Hong	A Resource-Optimal Key Pre-distribution Scheme with Enhanced Security for Wireless Sensor Networks.	APNOMS	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Al-Sakib Khan Pathan, Tran Thanh Dai, Choong Seon Hong	An Efficient LU Decomposition-based Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Ensuring Security in Wireless Sensor Networks.	CIT	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Dyi-Rong Duh, Tsung-Chi Lin, Chi-Ho Tung, Shin-Jie Chan	An Implementation of AES Algorithm with the Multiple Spaces Random Key Pre-Distribution Scheme on MOTE-KIT 5040.	SUTC	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Subhas Kumar Ghosh	On Optimality of Key Pre-distribution Schemes for Distributed Sensor Networks.	ESAS	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Taeyeon Kim, Gicheol Wang	A Strong Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	UIC	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Lei Xie, Hongsong Zhu, Yongjun Xu, Yuefei Zhu	A Tamper-resistance Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	GCC Workshops	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	ubiquitous/pervasive computing, clustering network architecture, wireless sensor network, key management, trusted computing
2	Dibyendu Chakrabarti, Jennifer Seberry	Combinatorial Structures for Design of Wireless Sensor Networks.	ACNS	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Transversal Design, Sensor Network, Key Pre- distribution, Combinatorial Design, Projective Plane
2	Dibyendu Chakrabarti, Subhamoy Maitra, Bimal K. Roy	Clique Size in Sensor Networks with Key Pre-distribution Based on Transversal Design.	IWDC	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Takashi Ito, Hidenori Ohta, Nori Matsuda, Takeshi Yoneda	A key pre-distribution scheme for secure sensor networks using probability density function of node deployment.	SASN	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	sensor networks, key management, probabilistic key sharing
2	Dibyendu Chakrabarti, Subhamoy Maitra, Bimal K. Roy	A Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks: Merging Blocks in Combinatorial Design.	ISC	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Donggang Liu, Peng Ning, Wenliang Du	Group-based key pre-distribution in wireless sensor networks.	Workshop on Wireless Security	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	sensor networks, key management, key predistribution, pairwise key
2	Mahalingam Ramkumar	On Broadcast Encryption with Random Key Pre-distribution Schemes.	ICISS	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Chang-Won Park, Sung Jin Choi, Hee Yong Youn	A Noble Key Pre-distribution Scheme with LU Matrix for Secure Wireless Sensor Networks.	CIS	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Scott C.-H. Huang, Ding-Zhu Du	New constructions on broadcast encryption key pre-distribution schemes.	INFOCOM	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Zhen Yu, Yong Guan	A key pre-distribution scheme using deployment knowledge for wireless sensor networks.	IPSN	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Guanfeng Li, Hui Ling, Taieb Znati	Path key establishment using multiple secured paths in wireless sensor networks.	CoNEXT	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	sensor network, cryptography, key pre-distribution, multiple path
2	Mohammed Golam Sadi, Dong Seong Kim, Jong Sou Park	GBR: Grid Based Random Key Predistribution for Wireless Sensor Network.	ICPADS	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Security, Wireless sensor network, Resiliency, Key pre-distribution
1	Chia-Mu Yu, Cheng-Chung Li, Chun-Shien Lu, Sy-Yen Kuo	An application-driven attack probability-based deterministic pairwise key pre-distribution scheme for non-uniformly deployed sensor networks.	IJSNet	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Tran Thanh Dai, Johnson I. Agbinya	Combating key-swapping collusion attack on random pairwise key pre-distribution schemes for wireless sensor networks.	Security and Communication Networks	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Sushmita Ruj, Bimal K. Roy	Key pre-distribution using partially balanced designs in wireless sensor networks.	IJHPCN	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Rongfei Zeng, Yixin Jiang, Chuang Lin, Yanfei Fan, Xuemin (Sherman) Shen	A scalable and robust key pre-distribution scheme with network coding for sensor data storage.	Computer Networks	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Mohamed Mostafa M. Fouad, Ahmed Reda Dawood, Mostafa-Sami M. Mostafa	Study of the effects of pairwise key pre-distribution scheme on the performance of a topology control protocol.	DCOSS	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Chun-Wei Tsai, Wei-Shuo Li, Min Chen, Wen-Shyong Hsieh, Chu-Sing Yang	Analysis of Multi-path Random Key Pre-distribution for Wireless Sensor Networks.	IMIS	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Dingyi Pei, Jun-Wu Dong, Chunming Rong	A novel key pre-distribution scheme for wireless distributed sensor networks.	SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Junzhi Yan, Jianfeng Ma, FengHua Li, Sang-Jae Moon	Key Pre-distribution Scheme with Node Revocation for Wireless Sensor Networks.	Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks	2010	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Abedelaziz Mohaisen, DaeHun Nyang	On the Inefficiency of the Resources Optimal Key Pre-Distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network.	JCM	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Amit Gaur, Smita Toshniwal, Abhinav Prakash, Dharma P. Agrawal	Enhanced location based key pre-distribution scheme for secure communication in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).	MASS	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Beibei Kong, Hongyang Chen, Xiaohu Tang, Kaoru Sezaki	Key Pre-Distribution Schemes for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks Using Hexagon Partition.	WCNC	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Hisashige Ito, Atsuko Miyaji, Kazumasa Omote	RPoK: A Strongly Resilient Polynomial-Based Random Key Pre-Distribution Scheme for Multiphase Wireless Sensor Networks.	GLOBECOM	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Md. Iftekhar Salam, Pardeep Kumar, Hoon Jae Lee	An efficient key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor network using public key cryptography.	NCM	2010	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Walid Bechkit, Abdelmadjid Bouabdallah, Yacine Challal	Enhancing resilience of probabilistic key pre-distribution schemes for WSNs through hash chaining.	ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Ramon Novales, Neeraj Mittal, Kamil Saraç	SKAIT: A Parameterized Key Assignment Scheme for Wireless Networks.	ISPDC	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	confidential communication, symmetric key assignment, key pre-distribution, collusion resistance
1	Sam Blackshear, Rakesh M. Verma	R-LEAP+: randomizing LEAP+ key distribution to resist replay and jamming attacks.	SAC	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	key distribution protocols, wireless sensor networks
1	An-Ni Shen, Song Guo, Hung Yu Chien, Minyi Guo	A scalable key pre-distribution mechanism for large-scale wireless sensor networks.	Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Boqing Zhou, Sujun Li, Qiaoliang Li, Xingming Sun, Xiaoming Wang	An efficient and scalable pairwise key pre-distribution scheme for sensor networks using deployment knowledge.	Computer Communications	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Abedelaziz Mohaisen, DaeHun Nyang, KyungHee Lee	Hierarchical Grid-based Pairwise Key Pre-distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks.	I. J. Network Security	2009	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Wei-Shuo Li, Tung-Shih Su, Wen-Shyong Hsieh	Multi-neighbor random key pre-distribution: a probabilistic analysis.	IEEE Communications Letters	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Aldar Chun-fai Chan	A Graph Theoretic Approach for Optimizing Key Pre-distribution in Wireless SensorNetworks	CoRR	2009	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Abedelaziz Mohaisen, DaeHun Nyang, YoungJae Maeng, KyungHee Lee, Dowon Hong	Grid-Based Key Pre-Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks.	TIIS	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Aldar C.-F. Chan	A graph theoretic approach for optimizing key pre-distribution in wireless sensor networks.	WiOpt	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Ang Gao, Wei Wei, Zhixiao Wang, Wenyao Yan	A Hierarchical Authentication Scheme for the Different Radio Ranges Sensor Networks.	CSE	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Özgür Saglam, Mehmet Emin Dalkiliç	Cross layer implementation of key establishment protocols in wireless sensor networks.	ISCIS	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Farshid Delgosha, Faramarz Fekri	A multivariate key-establishment scheme for wireless sensor networks.	IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Nitesh Saxena, Md. Borhan Uddin	Blink 'Em All: Scalable, User-Friendly and Secure Initialization of Wireless Sensor Nodes.	CANS	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Wireless Sensor Networks, Authentication, Key Distribution
1	Abedelaziz Mohaisen, Nam-Su Jho, Dowon Hong	A Computationally-Efficient Construction for the Matrix-Based Key Distribution in Sensor Network.	ISA	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	security, wireless sensor network, key distribution, computation efficiency
1	Huirong Fu, Satoshi Kawamura, Ming Zhang, Liren Zhang	Replication attack on random key pre-distribution schemes for wireless sensor networks.	Computer Communications	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	TranThanh Dai, ChoongSeon Hong	Efficient ID-Based Threshold Random Key Pre-Distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	IEICE Transactions	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Ashok Kumar Das	An Identity-ased Random Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Direct Key Establishment to Prevent Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks.	I. J. Network Security	2008	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Mike Burmester, Reihaneh Safavi-Naini, Gelareh Taban	Secure Random Key Pre-Distribution Against Semi-Honest Adversaries.	IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive	2008	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Bo Zhu, Yanfei Zheng, Yaowei Zhou, Kefei Chen	Cryptanalysis of LU Decomposition-based Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive	2008	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Zhihong Liu, Jianfeng Ma, Qiping Huang, Sang-Jae Moon	Keying Material Based Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Sensor Networks.	Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks	2008	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Nitesh Saxena, Md. Borhan Uddin	Bootstrapping Key Pre-Distribution: Secure, Scalable and User-Friendly Initialization of Sensor Nodes	CoRR	2008	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Abedelaziz Mohaisen, DaeHun Nyang, KyungHee Lee	Hierarchical Grid-Based Pairwise Key Pre-distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks	CoRR	2008	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Xuanxia Yao, Xuefeng Zheng, Tao Wu	A Hexagon-based Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Large Scale Static Wireless Sensor Networks.	JCM	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Abedelaziz Mohaisen, DaeHun Nyang, Tamer AbuHmed	Two-level Key Pool Design-based Random Key Pre-distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks.	TIIS	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Tran Thanh Dai, Johnson I. Agbinya	A framework for confronting key-swapping collusion attack on random pairwise key pre-distribution schemes for distributed sensor networks.	MASS	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Mahalingam Ramkumar	Proxy Aided Key Pre-distribution Schemes for Sensor Networks.	IPCCC	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Alexander S. Frolov, Igor Shchurov	Non-Centralized Key Pre-Distribution in Computer Networks.	DepCoS-RELCOMEX	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Hung-Yu Chien, Rung Ching Chen, Annie Shen	Efficient Key Pre-distribution for Sensor Nodes with Strong Connectivity and Low Storage Space.	AINA	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	one-way hash, security, wireless sensor networks, key agreement, pairwise key
1	Manel Boujelben, Habib Youssef, Mohamed Abid	An Efficient Scheme for Key Pre-distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks.	WiMob	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Ni Chen, Jian-bo Yao, Guang-jun Wen	An Improved Matrix Key Pre-distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	ICESS	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Ashok Kumar Das, Indranil Sengupta	An effective group-based key establishment scheme for large-scale wireless sensor networks using bivariate polynomials.	COMSWARE	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Ping Li, Jiaying Wu, Jingming Xue	Research on Pairwise Key Establishment for Cluster Heads in Sensor Networks.	EUC	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Ping Li, Yaping Lin, Jiaying Wu, Jingming Xue	Analysis on Node's Pairwise Key Path Construction in Sensor Networks.	HPCC	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Akbar M. Sayeed, Adrian Perrig	Secure wireless communications: Secret keys through multipath.	ICASSP	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Yong Ho Kim, Hwaseong Lee, Dong Hoon Lee	A Key Distribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks.	PerCom	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	security, wireless sensor networks, key management
1	Fang Liu, Xiuzhen Cheng, Liran Ma, Kai Xing	SBK: A Self-Configuring Framework for Bootstrapping Keys in Sensor Networks.	IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput.	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Security, Network-level security and protection, integrity and protection