Search results for "empirical studies"

Hits ?▲	Authors	Title	Venue	Year	Link	Author keywords
3	Maria Virvou, George A. Tsihrintzis, Efthymios Alepis, Ioanna-Ourania Stathopoulou, Katerina Kabassi	Combining Empirical Studies of Audio-Lingual and Visual-Facial Modalities for Emotion Recognition.	KES	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	audio-lingual affect recognition, visual-facial affect recognition, Empirical studies, multi-modal interfaces, facial expression analysis, affective user modeling
3	Gengshen Du, Jim McElroy, Günther Ruhe	A family of empirical studies to compare informal and optimization-based planning of software releases.	ISESE	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	family of empirical studies, decision support, release planning
3	Jeffrey Carver, Maria Letizia Jaccheri, Sandro Morasca, Forrest Shull	Issues in Using Students in Empirical Studies in Software Engineering Education.	IEEE METRICS	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Empirical Studies, Software Engineering Education, Pilot Studies
3	Janice Singer, Norman G. Vinson	Ethical Issues in Empirical Studies of Software Engineering.	IEEE Trans. Software Eng.	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	software engineering, empirical studies, Ethics, legal issues
3	Gregg Rothermel, Mary Jean Harrold	Empirical Studies of a Safe Regression Test Selection Technique.	IEEE Trans. Software Eng.	1998	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	empirical studies, Software maintenance, regression testing, regression test selection, selective retest
3	Rachel Harrison, Lionel C. Briand, John W. Daly, Marc I. Kellner, David Raffo, Martin J. Shepperd	Process Modelling and Empirical Studies of Software Evolution (PMESSE`97) Workshop Report.	Empirical Software Engineering	1997	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	metrics, empirical studies, maintenance, legacy systems
2	Norsaremah Salleh, Emilia Mendes, John C. Grundy	Empirical Studies of Pair Programming for CS/SE Teaching in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review.	IEEE Trans. Software Eng.	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Empirical studies, pair programming, systematic review
2	Juan Pablo Hourcade	Give peace a chance: a call to design technologies for peace.	CHI Extended Abstracts	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	causes of conflict, peace, empirical studies, software, technology, discussion
2	Marian Petre	Insights from expert software design practice.	ESEC/SIGSOFT FSE	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	design, empirical studies, expertise, software design processes
2	Silvia Abrahão, Kasper Hornbæk, Effie Lai-Chong Law, Jan Stage	Interplay between Usability Evaluation and Software Development (I-USED 2009).	INTERACT	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	usability assessment, empirical studies, software development, usability evaluation methods, user interface development
2	Manuel A. Serrano, Coral Calero, Houari A. Sahraoui, Mario Piattini	Empirical studies to assess the understandability of data warehouse schemas using structural metrics.	Software Quality Journal	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Metrics, Empirical studies, Data warehouse, Quality
2	Juan Fernández-Ramil, Angela Lozano, Michel Wermelinger, Andrea Capiluppi	Empirical Studies of Open Source Evolution.	Software Evolution	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Michael Ruth, Shengru Tu	Empirical studies of a decentralized regression test selection framework for web services.	TAV-WEB	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	web services, empirical studies, software maintenance, control-flow graphs, selective retest
2	Peter Y. H. Wong, Jeremy Gibbons	On Specifying and Visualising Long-Running Empirical Studies.	ICMT	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Cleidson R. B. de Souza, David F. Redmiles	An empirical study of software developers' management of dependencies and changes.	ICSE	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	socio-technical aspects, empirical studies, change impact analysis, collaborative software development
2	George A. Tsihrintzis, Maria Virvou, Efthymios Alepis, Ioanna-Ourania Stathopoulou	Towards Improving Visual-Facial Emotion Recognition through Use of Complementary Keyboard-Stroke Pattern Information.	ITNG	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Visual-facial affect recognition, human-computer interaction, empirical studies, multi-modal interfaces, facial expression analysis, affective user modeling
2	Luciano Baresi, Sandro Morasca	Three empirical studies on estimating the design effort of Web applications.	ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	W2000, empirical study, effort estimation, Web application design
2	Jacky Chan, Alan Chu, Elisa L. A. Baniassad	Supporting empirical studies by non-intrusive collection and visualization of fine-grained revision history.	ETX	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Marco Torchiano, Filippo Ricca, Andrea De Lucia	Empirical Studies in Software Maintenance and Evolution.	ICSM	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Walt Scacchi	Free/open source software development: recent research results and emerging opportunities.	ESEC/SIGSOFT FSE (Companion)	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	socio-technical relationships, empirical studies, open source software, free software, software development practices
2	Walt Scacchi	Free/open source software development.	ESEC/SIGSOFT FSE	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	socio-technical relationships, empirical studies, open source software, free software, software development practices
2	Maria Letizia Jaccheri, Sandro Morasca	Involving Industry Professionals in Empirical Studies with Students.	Empirical Software Engineering Issues	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Nachiappan Nagappan	Potential of Open Source Systems as Project Repositories for Empirical Studies Working Group Results.	Empirical Software Engineering Issues	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Xiaojuan Ren, Rudolf Eigenmann	Empirical Studies on the Behavior of Resource Availability in Fine-Grained Cycle Sharing Systems.	ICPP	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Hyunsook Do, Gregg Rothermel	An empirical study of regression testing techniques incorporating context and lifetime factors and improved cost-benefit models.	SIGSOFT FSE	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	evaluation schemes, tegression testing, empirical studies, test case prioritization, economic models, regression test selection
2	Alan M. Davis, Óscar Dieste Tubío, Ann M. Hickey, Natalia Juristo Juzgado, Ana María Moreno	Effectiveness of Requirements Elicitation Techniques: Empirical Results Derived from a Systematic Review.	RE	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	elicitation techniques, software engineering, empirical studies, Systematic review
2	Per Runeson, Carina Andersson, Thomas Thelin, Anneliese Amschler Andrews, Tomas Berling	What do we know about defect detection methods? [software testing].	IEEE Software	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	testing, empirical studies, inspection, defect detection, evidence-based software engineering
2	Hyunsook Do, Gregg Rothermel	On the Use of Mutation Faults in Empirical Assessments of Test Case Prioritization Techniques.	IEEE Trans. Software Eng.	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	program mutation, empirical studies, Regression testing, test case prioritization
2	Hyunsook Do, Gregg Rothermel, Alex Kinneer	Prioritizing JUnit Test Cases: An Empirical Assessment and Cost-Benefits Analysis.	Empirical Software Engineering	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Testing object-oriented software, Empirical studies, Software maintenance, Regression testing, Cost-benefits analysis, Test case prioritization
2	Paolo Tonella	Workshop on Empirical Studies in Reverse Engineering.	STEP	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Marcus Ciolkowski, Jürgen Münch	Accumulation and presentation of empirical evidence: problems and challenges.	ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	measurement, empirical studies, aggregation, software process, software project management, evidence, exploitation, dissemination, accumulation, experience management
2	Marina L. Gavrilova	Empirical Studies of Optimization Techniques in the Event-Driven Simulation of Mechanically Alloyed Materials.	The Journal of Supercomputing	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	collision detection algorithms, mechanically alloyed materials, parallel processing, computer simulation, optimization problems
2	Lionel C. Briand, Yvan Labiche	Empirical studies of software testing techniques: challenges, practical strategies, and future research.	ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Hyunsook Do, Gregg Rothermel, Alex Kinneer	Empirical Studies of Test Case Prioritization in a JUnit Testing Environment.	ISSRE	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Sebastian G. Elbaum, Gregg Rothermel, Satya Kanduri, Alexey G. Malishevsky	Selecting a Cost-Effective Test Case Prioritization Technique.	Software Quality Journal	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	empirical studies, regression testing, test case prioritization
2	Toni Sandelin, Matias Vierimaa	Empirical Studies in ESERNET.	ESERNET	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	David Lorge Parnas	The Limits of Empirical Studies of Software Engineering.	ISESE	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Reidar Conradi, Tore Dybå, Dag I. K. Sjøberg, Tor Ulsund	Lessons Learned and Recommendations from Two Large Norwegian SPI Programmes.	EWSPT	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	industrial collaboration, empirical studies, software process improvement
2	Sebastian G. Elbaum, Alexey G. Malishevsky, Gregg Rothermel	Test Case Prioritization: A Family of Empirical Studies.	IEEE Trans. Software Eng.	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	empirical studies, regression testing, Test case prioritization
2	Magnus C. Ohlsson, Per Runeson	Experience from Replicating Empirical Studies on Prediction Models.	IEEE METRICS	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Jinxi Xu, Alexander Fraser, Ralph M. Weischedel	Empirical studies in strategies for Arabic retrieval.	SIGIR	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	arabic retrieval, broken plurals, cross-lingual retrieval, spelling normalization, thesaurus, n-grams, stemming, parallel corpora
2	Natalia Juristo Juzgado, Ana María Moreno, Sira Vegas	A Survey on Testing Technique Empirical Studies: How Limited is our Knowledge.	ISESE	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Brad A. Myers	Towards more natural functional programming languages.	ICFP	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	empirical studies of programming, end-user programming, psychology of programming, natural programming
2	Ioana Rus, Stefan Biffl, Michael Halling	Systematically combining process simulation and empirical data in support of decision analysis in software development.	SEKE	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	process modeling and simulation, re-inspections, empirical studies, decision support systems, inspections, discrete event modeling
2	Reidar Conradi, Alfonso Fuggetta	Improving Software Process Improvement.	IEEE Software	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Empirical studies, standards, software process, process improvement, organizational behavior
2	Mary Jean Harrold, David S. Rosenblum, Gregg Rothermel, Elaine J. Weyuker	Empirical Studies of a Prediction Model for Regression Test Selection.	IEEE Trans. Software Eng.	2001	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Software maintenance, regression testing, regression test selection, selective retest
2	Christian Kray, Jörg Baus, Hubert D. Zimmer, Harry R. Speiser, Antonio Krüger	Two Path Prepositions: Along and Past.	COSIT	2001	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	communication of spatial information, path prepositions, empirical studies, spatial reasoning
2	Marian Petre	Empirical Studies of Programming-in-the-Large: How? (PDF / PS)	IWPC	2000	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Dewayne E. Perry, Adam A. Porter, Lawrence G. Votta	Empirical studies of software engineering: a roadmap.	ICSE - Future of SE Track	2000	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	software engineering, empirical studies
2	Carolyn B. Seaman	Qualitative Methods in Empirical Studies of Software Engineering.	IEEE Trans. Software Eng.	1999	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	data analysis, empirical software engineering, data collection, experimental design, interviewing, Qualitative methods, participant observation
2	Mary Jean Harrold, James A. Jones, Gregg Rothermel	Empirical Studies of Control Dependence Graph Size for C Programs.	Empirical Software Engineering	1998	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	software engineering, static analysis, program analysis, control dependence
2	Chris F. Kemerer, Sandra Slaughter	Methodologies for Performing Empirical Studies: Report from the International Workshop on Empirical Studies of Software Maintenance.	Empirical Software Engineering	1997	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	complexity, software maintenance, methodology, experience, research methods, software maintainers
2	Jon D. Valett	The Practical Use of Empirical Studies for Maintenance Process Improvement.	Empirical Software Engineering	1997	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	measurement, software maintenance, assessment, experimentation, process improvement
2	Rachel Harrison, Martin J. Shepperd, John W. Daly	Workshop Summary: Process Modelling and Empirical Studies of Software Evolution.	ICSE	1997	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	systems' evolution, metrics, empirical studies, process modelling
2	Chung-Horng Lung	Empirical experiences in analyzing software architecture sensitivity. (PDF / PS)	COMPSAC	1997	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	software architecture sensitivity analysis, key customer value changes, future requirements, software architecture re-engineering, software architecture comparison, empirical studies, sensitivity analysis, system evolution, architectural views, SEAL
2	Adam A. Porter	Fundamental Laws and Assumptions of Software Maintenance.	Empirical Software Engineering	1997	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Theory Development, Empirical Studies, Software Maintenance, Interdisciplinary Research
2	Joline Morrison, Mark Weiser	A Research Framework for Empirical Studies in Organizational Memory. (PDF / PS)	HICSS	1996	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	K. C. Waddel, James H. Cross	Survey of empirical studies of graphical representations for algorithms.	ACM Conference on Computer Science	1988	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	T. T. Carey, M. M. Shepherd	Towards empirical studies of programming in new paradigms.	ACM Conference on Computer Science	1988	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Maria Virvou, George A. Tsihrintzis, Efthymios Alepis, Ioanna-Ourania Stathopoulou, Katerina Kabassi	Emotion Recognition: Empirical Studies towards the Combination of Audio-Lingual and Visual-Facial Modalities through Multi-Attribute Decision Making.	International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools	2012	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Krishna Raj P. M., Srinivasa K. G.	Empirical studies of global volunteer collaboration in the development of free and open source software: analysis of six top ranked projects in sourceforge.net.	ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes	2012	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Massimiliano Di Penta	Empirical Studies in Reverse Engineering and Maintenance: Employing Developers to Evaluate Your Approach and Tool.	CSMR	2012	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Oscar Dieste, Natalia Juristo Juzgado	Systematic Review and Aggregation of Empirical Studies on Elicitation Techniques.	IEEE Trans. Software Eng.	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Andreas Stefik, Ed Gellenbeck	Empirical studies on programming language stimuli.	Software Quality Journal	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Yingxu Wang, Vincent Chiew	Empirical Studies on the Functional Complexity of Software in Large-Scale Software Systems.	IJSSCI	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Raquel Benbunan-Fich, Marios Koufaris	Contributions to Social Bookmarking Systems: Integration of Three Empirical Studies.	Social Media Tools and Platforms in Learning Environments	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Mo Sha, Gregory Hackmann, Chenyang Lu	Multi-channel reliability and spectrum usage in real homes: Empirical studies for home-area sensor networks.	IWQoS	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Cristian Tala, Luciano Ahumada, Diego Dujovne, Shafqat Ur Rehman, Thierry Turletti, Walid Dabbous	Guidelines for the Accurate Design of Empirical Studies in Wireless Networks.	TRIDENTCOM	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Michel R. V. Chaudron, Marcela Genero, Silvia Abrahão, Parastoo Mohagheghi, Lars Pareto	Summary of the First International Workshop on Experiences and Empirical Studies in Software Modelling.	MoDELS Workshops	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Michel R. V. Chaudron, Marcela Genero, Silvia Abrahão, Parastoo Mohagheghi, Lars Pareto (eds.)	Proceedings of the First Workshop on Experiences and Empirical Studies in Software Modelling, Wellington, New Zealand, October 17, 2011	EESSMod	2011	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Lionel C. Briand	Conducting and Analyzing Empirical Studies in Search-Based Software Engineering.	SSBSE	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Javier A. Bargas-Avila, Kasper Hornbæk	Old wine in new bottles or novel challenges: a critical analysis of empirical studies of user experience.	CHI	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Stefan Zugal, Jakob Pinggera, Barbara Weber, Jan Mendling, Hajo A. Reijers	Assessing the Impact of Hierarchy on Model - A Cognitive Perspective.	EESSMod	2011	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Jon Whittle	What do 449 MDE Practitioners Think About MDE?	EESSMod	2011	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Jeffrey C. Carver, Eugene Syriani, Jeff Gray	Assessing the Frequency of Empirical Evaluation in Software Modeling Research.	EESSMod	2011	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Juan José Cadavid, Benoit Baudry, Benoît Combemale	Empirical Evaluation of the Conjunct Use of MOF and OCL.	EESSMod	2011	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Ana M. Fernández-Sáez, Marcela Genero, Michel R. V. Chaudron	Does the Level of Detail of UML Models Affect the Maintainability of Source Code?	EESSMod	2011	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Maurizio Leotta, Gianna Reggio, Filippo Ricca, Egidio Astesiano	Building VECM-based Systems with a Model Driven Approach: an Experience Report.	EESSMod	2011	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Stefan Endrikat, Stefan Hanenberg	Is Aspect-Oriented Programming a Rewarding Investment into Future Code Changes? A Socio-technical Study on Development and Maintenance Time.	ICPC	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Empirical Studies, Aspect-Oriented Programming, Human Aspects
1	Andreas Stefik, Susanna Siebert, Kim Slattery, Melissa Stefik	Toward Intuitive Programming Languages.	ICPC	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	empirical studies, programming languages, syntax, intuitiveness
1	Mikhail Perepletchikov, Caspar Ryan	A Controlled Experiment for Evaluating the Impact of Coupling on the Maintainability of Service-Oriented Software.	IEEE Trans. Software Eng.	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	empirical studies, maintainability, product metrics, design concepts, Services systems
1	Albrecht Schmidt	Engineering interactive ubiquitous computing systems.	EICS	2011	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Susan L. Graham, Deborah Estrin, Eric Horvitz, Isaac S. Kohane, Elizabeth D. Mynatt, Ida Sim	Information Technology research challenges for healthcare: from discovery to delivery.	SIGHIT Record	2011	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Jeffrey C. Carver, Maria Letizia Jaccheri, Sandro Morasca, Forrest Shull	A checklist for integrating student empirical studies with research and teaching goals.	Empirical Software Engineering	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Xinhua Zhang, Ankan Saha, S. V. N. Vishwanathan	Regularized Risk Minimization by Nesterov's Accelerated Gradient Methods: Algorithmic Extensions and Empirical Studies	CoRR	2010	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Matthew S. Prewett, Ryan C. Johnson, Kristin N. Saboe, Linda R. Elliott, Michael D. Coovert	Managing workload in human-robot interaction: A review of empirical studies.	Computers in Human Behavior	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Ewan D. Tempero, Craig Anslow, Jens Dietrich, Ted Han, Jing Li, Markus Lumpe, Hayden Melton, James Noble	The Qualitas Corpus: A Curated Collection of Java Code for Empirical Studies.	APSEC	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Massimiliano Di Penta	Empirical studies on software evolution: should we (try to) claim causation?	EVOL/IWPSE	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Carmen Zahn, Karsten Krauskopf, Friedrich W. Hesse, Roy Pea	Digital video tools in the classroom: empirical studies on constructivist learning with audio-visual media in the domain of history.	ICLS	2010	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Thelma Elita Colanzi, Wesley Klewerton Guez Assunção, Aurora Trinidad Ramirez Pozo, Ana Cristina B. Kochem Vendramin, Diogo Augusto Barros Pereira	Empirical Studies on Application of Genetic Algorithms and Ant Colony Optimization for Data Clustering.	SCCC	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Panagiotis Sfetsos, Ioannis Stamelos	Empirical Studies on Quality in Agile Practices: A Systematic Literature Review.	QUATIC	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Kathryn T. Stolee, Sebastian G. Elbaum	Exploring the use of crowdsourcing to support empirical studies in software engineering.	ESEM	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Chibiao Liu, James T. Yu, Gregory B. Brewster	Empirical studies and queuing modeling of denial of service attacks against 802.11 WLANs.	WOWMOM	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	José A. Cruz-Lemus, Marcela Genero, M. Esperanza Manso, Sandro Morasca, Mario Piattini	Assessing the understandability of UML statechart diagrams with composite states - A family of empirical studies.	JISBD	2010	DBLP BibTeX RDF
1	Hui Shi, Robert J. Ross, Thora Tenbrink, John A. Bateman	Modelling Illocutionary Structure: Combining Empirical Studies with Formal Model Analysis.	CICLing	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
1	Kleinner Farias, Alessandro Garcia, Jon Whittle	Assessing the impact of aspects on model composition effort.	AOSD	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	software architecture, empirical studies, software metrics, software product lines, model composition
1	Brad A. Myers, Margaret M. Burnett, Andrew Jensen Ko, Mary Beth Rosson, Christopher Scaffidi, Susan Wiedenbeck	End user software engineering: CHI 2010 special interest group meeting.	CHI Extended Abstracts	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	empirical studies of programmers (esp), end users shaping effective software (euses), end-user development (eud), end-user software engineering (euse), psychology of programming, natural programming, web authoring
1	Aruna D. Balakrishnan, Susan R. Fussell, Sara B. Kiesler, Aniket Kittur	Pitfalls of information access with visualizations in remote collaborative analysis.	CSCW	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	confirmation bias, information visualization, empirical studies, computer-mediated communication, experiment, information sharing, information overload
1	Zhihong Xu, Myra B. Cohen, Gregg Rothermel	Factors affecting the use of genetic algorithms in test suite augmentation.	GECCO	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	test suite augmentation, genetic algorithms, empirical studies, regression testing
1	Kleinner Farias	Empirical evaluation of effort on composing design models.	ICSE	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	UML, empirical studies, model composition