Search results for "organisation"

Hits ?▲	Authors	Title	Venue	Year	Link	Author keywords
4	Giovanna Di Marzo Serugendo, Noria Foukia, Salima Hassas, Anthony Karageorgos, Soraya Kouadri Mostéfaoui, Omer F. Rana, Mihaela Ulieru, Paul Valckenaers, Chris van Aart	Self-Organisation: Paradigms and Applications.	Engineering Self-Organising Systems	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	self-organising application, collective behaviour, multi-agent systems, emergence, Self-organisation
4	Henrik Bærbak Christensen, Henrik Røn	A case study of horizontal reuse in a project-driven organisation.	APSEC	2000	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	horizontal reuse, project-driven organisation, business domain independent software, design patterns, case study, software reuse, software component, software reusability, business data processing, domain analysis, organisation
4	Mark S. Fox, Mihai Barbuceanu, Michael Grüninger	An organisation ontology for enterprise modelling: preliminary concepts for linking structure and behaviour. (PDF / PS)	WETICE	1995	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	organisation ontology, TOVE enterprise model, organisation agent, status changing actions, communication, authority, structure, roles, positions, commitment, goals, enterprise modelling, office automation, management information systems, behaviour, empowerment, corporate modelling
3	Przemyslaw Rózewski, Bartlomiej Malachowski	Competence Management in Knowledge-Based Organisation: Case Study Based on Higher Education Organisation.	KSEM	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	educational organisation, open and distance learning, competence, competence management
3	Mohammed Shahadat Uddin, Liaquat Hossain	Towards Coordination Preparedness of Soft-Target Organisation.	EGOV	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Soft-Target Organisation, coordination preparedness, network relation
3	Viara Popova, Alexei Sharpanskykh	Constraint-based modelling and analysis of organisations.	SAC	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	consistency of a specification, organisation design, validity of a specification, constraints, organisation modeling
3	John K. Debenham, Ante Prodan	Validation of two distributed, autonomous self-organisation algorithms for 802.11 mesh networks by simulation.	SpringSim	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	communications networks, agent-based simulation, self-organisation
3	Catholijn M. Jonker, Jan Treur, Wouter C. A. Wijngaards	Specification, analysis and simulation of the dynamics within an organisation.	Appl. Intell.	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Simulation, Dynamics, Organisation modelling
3	Matthias Fuchs, Wolfram Höpken, Peter Mirski, Andreas Lembacher, Bernd Ainedter	eTourism Curriculum Development: A Destination Management Organisation Perspective.	ENTER	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	further-training, destination management organisation (DMO), curriculum development, eTourism
3	Vito Trianni, Marco Dorigo	Self-organisation and communication in groups of simulated and physical robots.	Biological Cybernetics	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Swarm-bot, Swarm intelligence, Evolutionary robotics, Swarm robotics, Self-organisation
3	Alexander V. Smirnov, Tatiana Levashova, Nikolay Shilov	Ontology-Driven Knowledge Sharing for Networked Organisation Configuration.	ICEIS (Selected Papers)	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Networked organisation, ontology, decision support, knowledge sharing, semantic interoperability
3	Xiaohui Zhao, Chengfei Liu, Yun Yang	Supporting virtual organisation alliances with relative workflows.	APCCM	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	virtual organisation alliance, business process modelling, service oriented computing
3	Gábor Mihály Surányi, Zsolt Tivadar Kardkovács, Sándor Gajdos	Catalogues from a New Perspective: A Data Structure for Physical Organisation.	ADBIS	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Physical organisation, similarity query, catalogue
3	Gillian Shapiro	Exploring the impact of changes in work organisation on employees.	AI Soc.	2001	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Employee involvement, Equal opportunities, New work organisation, Quality of working life, Flexibility, Teamworking
3	R. Kubota, K. Kiyokawa, M. Arazoe, H. Ito, Y. Iijima, H. Matsushima, H. Shimokawa	Analysis of Organisation-Committed Human Error by Extended CREAM.	Cognition, Technology & Work	2001	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Human error, Organisation, Perceivable risk, Violation
3	Carolien Metselaar, Ruud van Dael	Organisations going virtual.	AI Soc.	1999	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Network organisation, Web enterprise, Virtual team, Virtual organisation, Virtual office
3	Gerhard Stadler	Die Einfährung der Informationstechnik in der staatlichen Verwaltung - zur Entwicklung und Organisation des EDV-Einsatzes in der österreichischen Bundesverwaltung.	Organisation informationstechnik-gestützter öffentlicher Verwaltung	1980	DBLP BibTeX RDF
2	Wajeeha Khalil, Erich Schikuta	Towards a Virtual Organisation for Computational Intelligence.	ICDS	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Neural Network Ressources, Grid- and Cloud Computing, Computational Intelligence, E-Science, Virtual Organisation
2	Andrew D. Brown, Steve Furber, Jeff S. Reeve, Peter R. Wilson, Mark Zwolinski, John E. Chad, Luis A. Plana, David R. Lester	A communication infrastructure for a million processor machine.	Conf. Computing Frontiers	2010	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	multi-core, self-organisation
2	John K. Debenham, Ante Prodan	A Multiagent System for Self-organisation of an 802.11 Mesh Network.	HoloMAS	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Gerard Briscoe, Philippe De Wilde	Digital ecosystems: self-organisation of evolving agent populations.	MEDES	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	clustering, complexity, entropy, evolution, population
2	Jun Ho Huh, Andrew Martin	Towards a Trustable Virtual Organisation.	ISPA	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Trustable Virtual Organisation, Blind Analysis Server, Configuration Resolver, Virtualization, Trusted Computing
2	Hajo Greif	On the Role of Self-organisation as a Model for Networked Systems.	IWSOS	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Teemu Kinnunen, Joni-Kristian Kämäräinen, Lasse Lensu, Heikki Kälviäinen	Bag-of-Features Codebook Generation by Self-Organisation.	WSOM	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Ramachandra Kota, Nicholas Gibbins, Nicholas R. Jennings	Self-organising agent organisations.	AAMAS	2009	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	autonomic computing, self-organisation, organisations
2	Simeon Owens	Aligning Technology with the Organisation Using Focus and User Groups.	eHealth	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Marcus Evans	The FrAgile Organisation.	AGILE	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Paul W. H. Chung, Zhining Liao	Cross-Organisation Dataspace (COD) - Architecture and Implementation.	CSSE	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	José L. Abdelnour-Nocera, Helen Sharp	Adopting Agile in a Large Organisation.	XP	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	empirical, qualitative, human aspects, Technological frame
2	Emre Cakar, Jörg Hähner, Christian Müller-Schloer	Creating collaboration patterns in multi-agent systems with generic observer/controller architectures.	Autonomics	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	observer/controller architectures, multi-agent systems, design space exploration, self-organisation, organic computing
2	Peter Gall	Sustainability: a health industry case study.	iiWAS	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	virtual preparedness, virtual readiness, sustainability, ICT, virtual organisation
2	Jomi Fred Hübner, Laurent Vercouter, Olivier Boissier	Instrumenting Multi-agent Organisations with Artifacts to Support Reputation Processes.	COIN@AAMAS&AAAI	2008	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	norm enforcement, reputation, artifacts, organisation
2	Anne Miller, Yan Xiao	Multi-level strategies to achieve resilience for an organisation operating at capacity: a case study at a trauma centre.	Cognition, Technology & Work	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Safe operating envelope, Patient admissions, Resilience, Compensation, Temporality
2	Alexander Mahl, Anatoli Semenenko, Jivka Ovtcharova	Virtual Organisation In Cross Domain Engineering.	Virtual Enterprises and Collaborative Networks	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Heiko Duin	Causal Cross-Impact Analysis As Strategic Planning Aid For Virtual Organisation Breeding Environments.	Virtual Enterprises and Collaborative Networks	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Xavier Boucher, Ali Zaidat, Lucien Vincent	Engineering Methodology For Organisation Networks.	Virtual Enterprises and Collaborative Networks	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Emre Cakar, Moez Mnif, Christian Müller-Schloer, Urban Richter, Hartmut Schmeck	Towards a quantitative notion of self-organisation.	IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Paul Prekop	Supporting Knowledge and Expertise Finding within Australia's Defence Science and Technology Organisation.	HICSS	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	ShanShan Qi, Dimitrios Buhalis, Rob Law	Evaluation of the Usability of Chinese Destination Management Organisation Websites.	ENTER	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	heuristic evaluation method, usability, China, website, DMS, DMO
2	Anthony Hepple, Louise A. Dennis, Michael Fisher	A Common Basis for Agent Organisation in BDI Languages.	LADS	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Peter Willaert, Joachim Van den Bergh, Jurgen Willems, Dirk Deschoolmeester	The Process-Oriented Organisation: A Holistic View Developing a Framework for Business Process Orientation Maturity.	BPM	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Business Process Orientation, BPM Success Factors and Measures, PM Maturity, BPM Governance
2	Pablo Lucas dos Anjos, Ruth Aylett, Alison Cawsey	Adapting Hierarchical Social Organisation by Introducing Fear into an Agent Architecture.	IVA	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	organisation and action-selection, emergence, Agent architecture
2	Tino Schlegel, Ryszard Kowalczyk	Towards self-organising agent-based resource allocation in a multi-server environment.	AAMAS	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	resource allocation, distributed control, self-organisation
2	Alvaro Arenas, Michael D. Wilson, Brian Matthews	On trust management in grids.	Autonomics	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	grids, trust management, grid security, virtual organisation
2	Marie Pierre Gleizes, Valérie Camps, Jean-Pierre Georgé, Davy Capera	Engineering Systems Which Generate Emergent Functionalities.	EEMMAS	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Multi-Agent System, Complex Systems, Emergence, Engineering, Self-Organisation
2	Emmanuel Adam, René Mandiau	Flexible Roles in a Holonic Multi-Agent System.	HoloMAS	2007	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	holonic multi-agent organisation, roles
2	Tibor Bosse, Catholijn M. Jonker, Jan Treur	Simulation and Analysis of Complex Biological Processes: an Organisation Modelling Perspective.	Annual Simulation Symposium	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Nikos Migas, William J. Buchanan	An auto-Configurable, and, Adaptable, Metric-driven Cluster-head Organisation for Hybrid Multi-hop Routing.	ECBS	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Rüdiger Berlich, Markus Hardt, Marcel Kunze, Malcolm P. Atkinson, David Fergusson	EGEE: building a pan-European grid training organisation.	ACSW Frontiers	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Philip S. Taylor, Des Greer, Paul Sage, Gerry Coleman, Kevin McDaid, Ian Lawthers, Ronan Corr	Applying an Agility/Discipline Assessment for a Small Software Organisation.	PROFES	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Jaro Berce, Annaflavia Bianchi, Clara Centeno, David Osimo, Jeremy Millard, Jamal Shahin	The Organisation and Coordination of European e-Government Research for the EU in 2010.	EGOV	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Steven Garcia, Andrew Turpin	Efficient Query Evaluation Through Access-Reordering.	AIRS	2006	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	index organisation, access-ordering, Search engines, efficiency
2	Jeanne Cornillon, Duska Rosenberg	Dialogue organisation in argumentative debates.	AI Soc.	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Electronic chat dialogue, Threaded chat, Knowledge co-construction, Adjacency pair, Interpersonal awareness, Feedback adviser, Topic, Lexical chain
2	Andrea Omicini, Alessandro Ricci, Mirko Viroli	An algebraic approach for modelling organisation, roles and contexts in MAS.	Appl. Algebra Eng. Commun. Comput.	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Gareth J. Lewis, S. Mehmood Hasan, Vassil N. Alexandrov, Martin T. Dove, Mark Calleja	Multicast Application Sharing Tool - Facilitating the eMinerals Virtual Organisation.	International Conference on Computational Science	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Da Deng, Heiko Wolf	POISE - Achieving Content-Based Picture Organisation for Image Search Engines.	KES	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Mirko Viroli, Andrea Omicini, Alessandro Ricci	An Organisation Infrastructure for Multi-agent Systems Based on Agent Coordination Contexts.	AI*IA	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Klaus Fischer	Self-organisation in Holonic Multiagent Systems.	Mechanizing Mathematical Reasoning	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Mirko Viroli, Alessandro Ricci, Andrea Omicini	An organisation infrastructure for Multi-Agent Systems based on Agent Coordination Contexts.	AAMAS	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	agent infrastructures, role-based access control, agent coordination
2	Detlef Neumann, Jörg Friedrich Schaible	Fluide Organisation von Informationssystemen in der Logistik am Beispiel der Lufthansa Technik Logistik GmbH.	GeNeMe	2005	DBLP BibTeX RDF
2	Salima Hassas	Engineering Complex Adaptive Systems Using Situated Multi-agents.	ESAW	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Situated Multi-Agents, Retroactive Interactions, Complex Systems, Self-organisation, Non Linearity
2	Anne-Marie McEwan, Richard Ennals	Building social capital and regional innovation through Healthy Working Centres: An investigation in the South East of England.	AI Soc.	2005	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Healthy work, Work organisation, Collaboration, Networks, Innovation, Action research
2	Kenji Itoh, Henning Boje Andersen, Masaki Seki	Track maintenance train operators' attitudes to job, organisation and management, and their correlation with accident/incident rate.	Cognition, Technology & Work	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Attitude factors, Railway safety, FMAQ, TMAQ, Motivation, Morale
2	Jacky Keung, D. Ross Jeffery, Barbara Kitchenham	The Challenge of Introducing a New Software Cost Estimation Technology into a Small Software Organisation.	Australian Software Engineering Conference	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Software Engineering, Software Cost Estimation, Web Development, Technology Transition
2	Jane Coughlan, Mark Lycett, Robert D. Macredie	Creating the Collaborative Organisation: The Promise of Relationship Management.	HICSS	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Richard T. Freeman, Hujun Yin	Topological Tree for Web Organisation, Discovery and Exploration.	IDEAL	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Mark d'Inverno, Rob Saunders	Agent-Based Modelling of Stem Cell Self-organisation in a Niche.	Engineering Self-Organising Systems	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Tom De Wolf, Tom Holvoet	Emergence Versus Self-Organisation: Different Concepts but Promising When Combined.	Engineering Self-Organising Systems	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Rolando Vargas Vallejos, Jefferson de Oliveira Gomes	Applying a Benchmarking Methodology to Empower a Virtual Organisation.	BASYS	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Stefanos Zachariadis, Cecilia Mascolo, Wolfgang Emmerich	Satin: A Component Model for Mobile Self Organisation.	CoopIS/DOA/ODBASE	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Klaus-Peter Zauner	From Prescriptive Programming of Solid-State Devices to Orchestrated Self-organisation of Informed Matter.	UPP	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Laszlo Szathmary, Amedeo Napoli	Knowledge Organisation and Information Retrieval with Galois Lattices.	EKAW	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Yun-Heh Chen-Burger, Kit-ying Hui, Alun D. Preece, Peter M. D. Gray, Austin Tate	Supporting Collaboration Through Semantic-Based Workflow and Constraint Solving.	EKAW	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	IDEF3, NIST PSL, Ontology, Semantic Web, Constraint Satisfaction, Business Process Modelling, Semantic Grid, Virtual Organisation
2	Jan Gulliksen, Susan Harker	The software accessibility of human-computer interfaces-ISO Technical Specification 16071.	Universal Access in the Information Society	2004	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	ANSI/HFES, International Standards Organisation, ISO 16071, Technical specification, W3C-WAI guidelines, Standardisation
2	Richard Harper, Venetia Evergeti, Lynne Hamill, B. Shatwell	The social organisation of communication in the home of the twenty-first century: an analysis of the future of paper-mail and implications for the design of electronic alternatives.	Cognition, Technology & Work	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Affordances Ethnography Design Mail substitution Paper mail Qualitative research
2	Klaus Fischer, Michael Schillo, Jörg H. Siekmann	Holonic Multiagent Systems: A Foundation for the Organisation of Multiagent Systems.	HoloMAS	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Ivor Perry	Making Sense of the Organisation?s Knowledge: Does Systematisation of the Knowledge Base Have a Positive or Negative Effect on Organizational Culture? (PDF / PS)	HICSS	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Pieter Op de Beeck, C. Ghez, Erik Brockmeyer, Miguel Miranda, Francky Catthoor, Geert Deconinck	Background Data Organisation for the Low-Power Implementation in Real-Time of a Digital Audio Broadcast Receiver on a SIMD Processor.	DATE	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Michael Schillo, Klaus Fischer	A Taxonomy of Autonomy in Multiagent Organisation.	Agents and Computational Autonomy	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Richard Tateson, Susan Howard, Ray Bradbeer	Nature-Inspired Self-Organisation in Wireless Communications Networks.	Engineering Self-Organising Systems	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Paulo Leitão, Francisco Restivo	Towards Autonomy, Self-Organisation and Learning in Holonic Manufacturing.	CEEMAS	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Howard Lovatt, Geoff Poulton, Don Price, Mikhail Prokopenko, Philip Valencia, Peter Wang	Self-organising impact boundaries in ageless aerospace vehicles.	AAMAS	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	impact detection, sensor networks, self-organisation
2	Giovanna Di Marzo Serugendo	Engineering Emergent Behaviour: A Vision.	MABS	2003	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	software engineering, swarm intelligence, Self-organisation, emergent behaviour
2	Louise Scott, Lucila Carvalho, D. Ross Jeffery	A Process-Centred Experience Repository for a Small Software Organisation.	APSEC	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Tibor Bosse, Catholijn M. Jonker, Jan Treur	Organisation Modelling for the Dynamics of Complex Biological Processes.	RASTA	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Sita Ramakrishnan	DoIT: dynamic curriculum organisation by innovation through technology.	ITiCSE	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Juha-Pekka Soininen, Antti Pelkonen, Jussi Roivainen	Configurable Memory Organisation for Communication Applications.	DSD	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Herbert Bos, Bart Samwel	The OKE Corral: Code Organisation and Reconfiguration at Runtime Using Active Linking.	IWAN	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Catholijn M. Jonker, Jan Treur	Relating Structure and Dynamics in Organisation Models.	MABS	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Sajda Qureshi, Andries van der Vaart, Gijs Kaulingfreeks, Gert-Jan de Vreede, Robert O. Briggs, Jay F. Nunamaker	What Does It Mean for an Organisation to Be Intelligent? Measuring Intellectual Bandwidth for Value Creation.	HICSS	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	intellectual bandwidth, groupware, qualitative research, value creation, virtual collaboration
2	Susanna Peltola, Maarit Tihinen, Päivi Parviainen	What Are the Knowledge Needs during the Project Lifecycle in an Expert Organisation?	PROFES	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Giasemi N. Vavoula, Mike Sharples	KLeOS: A Personal, Mobile, Knowledge and Learning Organisation System. (PDF / PS)	WMTE	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Nandish V. Patel	Global Ebusiness IT Governance: Radical Re-directions.	HICSS	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Planned IT Governance, Emergent Organisation, Emergent IT Governance, Deferred System's Design, Organisational Interfaces
2	Lauge Baungaard Rasmussen	Identity Building in Organisations: Proactive Capability Development.	AI Soc.	2002	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Identity building, Proactive capabilities, Routine reflection, Scenario method, Creativity, Organisation, Conflict management
2	W. P. Cheung, C. K. Lee	Application of Self-Organisation Neural Network for Direct Shape from Shading.	Neural Computing and Applications	2001	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Self-organising network, Shape from shading, physics-based vision, 3D shape
2	Catholijn M. Jonker, Jan Treur, Wouter C. A. Wijngaards	Temporal Languages for Simulation and Analysis of the Dynamics within an Organisation.	CEEMAS	2001	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Mark Girolami, Alexei Vinokourov, Ata Kabán	The Organization and Visualization of Document Corpora: A Probabilistic Approach. (PDF / PS)	DEXA Workshops	2000	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	document corpora visualisation, generic probabilistic framework, unsupervised organisation, probabilistic hierarchical clustering, high-dimensional data collections, expectation maximisation algorithm, hierarchical probabilistic mixture methodology, asymmetric models, symmetric models, topographic relations, similar documents, latent trait model, vector space document representations, 2D grid, document handling, probabilistic approach, latent class models, text data, multinomial distribution, binomial distributions, document collections
2	Márcia Ito, Jaime Simão Sichman	Dependence Based Coalitions and Contract Net: A Comparative Analysis.	IBERAMIA-SBIA	2000	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	organization and social structure, coalition formation and organisation self-design
2	Ulrich Nehmzow	Map Building through Self-Organisation for Robot Navigation.	EWLR	1999	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF
2	Günter Küppers	Coping with uncertainty: New forms of knowledge production.	AI Soc.	1999	DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF	Complexity, Innovation, Emergence, Self-organisation, Social systems